Troubleshooting Sites Essay Example for Free

Troubleshooting Sites Essay http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Network_Troubleshooting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This network troubleshooting guide is published by Linux, which aims to answer five questions in order to fix a network problem, more specifically the online network. Determining an IP Address, pinging the default gateway and another subnet, DNS, and the port connection are its main concerns. http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles_tutorials/Troubleshooting-Wireless-Network-Connections.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Common network problems are discussed in this network troubleshooting guide. It seeks to fix networking problems caused by the wireless network adapter connection, compatibility of drivers, strength of signals, location of the accessibility points, the need for a performance boost, faulty antenna, the need to install service packs, and the modification of network settings. http://www.windowsvistaplace.com/network-troubleshooting/tutorials   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This networking troubleshooting guide was published for Windows Vista users. It is a step-by-step process of troubleshooting network connections by modifying network settings and pinging the default gateway and subnet sites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Troubleshooting is a systematic process or approach in order to determine problems in a particular system, in this case a network. Troubleshooting follows a step-by-step process where all possibilities are being explored in order to solve networking problems for instance. For some troubleshooting sites, several yes or no questions are being asked in order to determine the problem in the system and eventually arrive at the best possibly solution to resolve it. It is patterned from the simplest to the most complicated type of problem-solving technique, allowing individuals to fix system problems minimally or complexly, as deemed necessary. The type of solution to systemic problems depends on its nature.

The Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate

The Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate Determination of the effect of enzyme concentration on catalysis using starch an amylase. INTRODUCTION Enzymes are said to be catalytic proteins which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered in the process of that reaction. [1] A substrate is a substance which an enzyme acts upon. No bond is formed between the enzyme and the substrate in the reaction thus the enzyme goes back to its original shape and can be used again.[2]An enzyme binds to a substrate via the active site thus forming an enzyme substrate complex They are very specific in their reaction and also to the substrate they are binding with. Enzymes function correctly when the shape of the substrate matches the enzymes active site and their functioning is dependent upon its three dimensional structure. They undergo catalysis by lowering the activation energy so that more molecules will be activated thus having the reaction occurring more easily [1] [2] In this experiment amylase is use to break down the starch molecules. Starch is the substrate used and amylase is the enzyme. There is a change when amylase reacts with starch. There is a release of a disaccharide maltose. As time increases there will less abundance of starch and more of the sugar present. So when this is added to iodine the blue/black colour will decrease to a light yellow shade.[4] The concentration of the enzyme is important in chemical reaction as it is needed to react with the substrate. Often a small amount of enzyme can consume a large amount of substrate. But as enzyme concentration increases so is the availability of active sites thus these will convert substrate molecules into products. What this is basically saying is that if the enzyme concentration is to be increased there needs to be an excess of substrate present which in other words means that the reaction must be independent of the concentration of substrate.[3] Apart from the concentration of substrate and enzyme there are other factors which can also influence the enzyme to function to its optimum capacity. These include temperature, pH, and inhibitors. Higher temperature would allow for more collisions to occur therefore allow substrate to bind to the enzymes active site more frequent. Since enzymes work at a certain temperature range activity would decline once this range would have been exceeded and the enzyme is denatured. Each enzyme has its own optimum where it functions best. Pepsin, an enzyme found in our stomach, works best in acidic conditions. Some enzymes becomes denatured thus deactivated when pH goes up down. I predict that the rate of the reaction will increase as the concentration increases and vice versa. The reaction will occur fast once the enzyme is added but it will slow down upon descending to the last test. I also believed that only a few of the test tube will produce a blue/black colour since the starch present in the solution will be hydrolyzed. Apparatus/Materials Water Buffer solution ( pH 6.8) 1% starch solution 1% amylase solution (Saliva) Dropper 3 beakers 3 10 ml measuring cylinders 12 test tubes Test tube rack Timer Method: Four test tubes were labeled A D 2 ml of water was measured and placed in test tube A. 2 ml of amylase (saliva) was measured and placed in the same test tube. Again 2 ml of water was measured and placed in a second test tube, test tube B, and to this 2 ml of the solution in test tube A was added. Another 2ml of water was added to a third test tube, test tube C , and to this , 2ml of the solution from test tube B was added. A further 2ml of water was added to test tube D, and to this 2 ml of solution from test tube C was added. Two milliliters of solution from test tube D was discarded so that all will have equal amounts of solution. Forty drops of buffer solution was added to test tube A . Eight (8) test tubes were collected and placed in a test tube rack. Two drops of iodine solution was placed into each using a dropper. To tube A 0.5 ml 1% starch solution was added. One drop of solution from tube A was immediately transferred to test tube #1 containing iodine solution. The dropper was properly rinsed. After 1 minute, one drop of solution from tube A was added using the dropper to the second tube containing iodine. The dropper was rinsed thoroughly. This was done for all the other test tubes that remained. The contents in all eight iodine test tubes were discarded. The tubes were thoroughly rinsed and dried for use in the next round of tests. Steps 6 11 was repeated for test tubes B,C,and D. RESULTS Test Tube Test Tube with Iodine Observations A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dark brown solution with small amounts of blue/black grains. These were apparent 17 seconds after adding solution A Dark brown grainy solution. Orange brown solution with particles which were also orange -brown Light orange brown solution. No grainy particles present Lighter orange brown solution Yellow brown solution Yellow brown solution. This was lighter than tube No. 6 Light yellow brown solution. This was exceptionally lighter than the others. Blue- black with coarse particles. Small traces ( 320 seconds) Orange brown solution Light orange brown solution with grains present Orange brown solution with tiny grains present Orange brown solution Orange brown solution Light orange brown solution Light orange brown solution C D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dark brown with small traces of black particles (fewer than with tube B) (455 seconds) Orange brown solution Orange brown solution Orange brown Dark orange brown Dark orange brown Very dark brown solution with a few grainy particles Very dark brown with lots of grainy particles Dark brown solution with very small traces of black grains ( 560 seconds) Dark orange brown, no grainy particles present Dark orange brown solution Orange brown solution Orange brown solution Yellow/ orange- brown solution Yellow brown solution Light yellow brown solution The graph shows how the concentration of the enzyme affects the overall rate of the reaction. A higher concentration of the enzyme will produce a faster occurring reaction than a lower concentration. From the graph as time proceeds the reaction rate drops significantly. DISCUSSION: This lab exercise demonstrated the ability of an enzyme to hydrolyze the substrate molecule. The enzyme used was amylase and the substrate was starch. The starch is what the amylase actually acts upon to give the end products i.e amylase breaks down starch. Substrate ENZYME Products Enzyme concentration and substrate concentration play a vital role in enzymatic activity. The more enzymes available, the quicker the reaction will occur until the substrate is all used up More substrates will also mean quicker activity, until the enzyme is fully saturated so that it cannot continue increasing its activity.[1] Based on the results obtained from tube A, a blue/black colouration was noted. This indicated that there was significant amount of starch present. Iodine is an indicator for the presence of starch. This same colour was noted for tubes B- D but the traces of blue /black colour decreased from tube A -D. As the tests proceeded to the last tube, the colour of the solution for each set changed from a dark brown solution to light yellow and in some cases to a light orange brown solution. A reasonable explanation for this is that there are fewer enzymes present as you move from tube A-D thus the starch will not be broken down. When there is an insufficient amount of enzyme present the reaction will not progress as quick as it would because the active sites present are occupied. If the concentration or amount of enzymes is increased then this would make provision for an increase in reaction rate. Reaction rate would increase due to the fact that there will be more active sites that are unoccupied. However, if there is an excess of enzyme molecule, the rate would not increase if more is added but it would reach at a point where it would level off.[2] Another reasoning behind the colour change in that after the amylase reacted with the starch there will be a discharge of maltose which is a disaccharide. Less starch will be present as time proceeds and more maltose will be present. In addition less starch will be available to react with iodine thus the blue/black colour will decrease. The predictions made were moderately correct since a lower concentration of enzyme produced a reaction which was slow and one that had less products being formed. Various factors could have affected the results of the lab which may have given some amount of inaccuracy. These include temperature and pH. The enzyme perhaps would have functioned better in a certain temperature range instead of normal room temperature. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained from the experiment it can be concluded that the concentration of enzymes influences the rate of a chemical reaction. If enzyme concentration is decreased then the reaction rate will also decrease. If there is sufficient enzyme to bind with substrate then the reaction will proceed fast and if there are insufficient enzymes present then the reaction will slow down

Male Domination in A MIdsummer Nights Dream Essays -- Essays Papers

Male Domination in A MIdsummer Nights Dream Male Domination For many centuries women have been oppressed, and treated like second-class citizens. Over the years, women have earned more rights and have been recognized as equals to men. Although they have earned many things, there are still some signs of them being oppressed by societies that are still mainly dominated by men. The period when Queen Elizabeth was ruling over England was no different. She was a big supporter of William Shakespeare and his acting company. William Shakespeare was one of the first feminist writers. William Shakespeare wrote the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The women in the play have no power and there is nothing they can do. The men use their power to control the women and almost mess up many people’s lives. In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, male domination is displayed in the relationships, Theseus winning Hippolyta, Egeus controlling Hermia, and Oberon tricking Titania. Theseus won Hippolyta in battle and doesn’t care about her feelings. Theseus is the Duke of Athens and is the governing power of all the humans in the play. Hippolyta was the Queen of the Amazons, but was then conquered by Theseus and his army. â€Å"Hippolyta I wooed thee with my sword, And won thy love, doing thee injuries; But I will wed thee in another key, With pomp, with triumph, and with reveling.† (1.1.16-19) Theseus won her in death and destru...

LSD AND THE CIA :: essays research papers

LSD was invented in Switzerland by Albert Hofmann, a researcher for Sandoz pharmaceuticals. It did not spontaneously appear among the youth of the Western world as a gift from the God of Gettin’ High. The CIA was on to acid long before the flower children. So, for that matter, were upstanding citizens like Time-Life magnate Henry Luce and his wife, Clare Boothe Luce, who openly sang the praises of their magical mystery tours during the early sixties. Henry, a staunch conservative with close connections to the CIA, once dropped acid on the golf course and then claimed he had enjoyed a little chat with God. While the cognoscenti had the benefit of tuned-in physicians, other psychedelic pioneers took their first trips as part of CIA-controlled research studies. At least one person committed suicide after becoming an unwitting subject of a CIA LSD test, crashing through a highstory plate-glass window in a New York hotel as his Agency guardian watched. (Or perhaps the guardian did more than watch. In June 1994 the victim’s family had his thirty-year-old corpse exhumed to check for signs that he may have been thrown out that window.) Numerous others lost their grip on reality. MK-ULTRA was the code name the CIA used for its program directed at gaining control over human behavior through â€Å"covert use of chemical and biological materials,† as proposed by Richard Helms. The name itself was a variation on ULTRA, the U.S. intelligence program behind Nazi lines in World War 11, of which the CIA's veteran spies were justly proud. Helms later became CIA director and gained a measure of notoriety for his 'Watergate "lying to Congress" conviction and a touch of immortality in Thomas Powers's aptly named biography, The Man Who Kept the Secrets. Helms founded the MK-ULTRA program and justified its notably unethical aspects with the rationale, â€Å"We are not Boy Scouts.† At the time, the spook scientists suspected that LSD had the potential to reprogram the human personality. In retrospect, they were probably right-Timothy Leary spoke in similar terms, though he saw unlimited potential for self-improvement in this â€Å"reprogramming.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Educational Goals and Philosophy I have many reasons for choosing education. The first reason would have to be that I love being around children. I like to watch them get excited about new things that they learn and see their eyes light up when something really amazes them. The second reason is that my mother is a teacher. I have seen her in class with her students and how they have so much respect for her. I also have much respect for her because I know teaching isn’t easy and there has not been a day in her teaching career that I haven’t seen her amaze the students or me for that matter. I just hope that one day maybe I can be as good of a teacher as her. My last reason is that I hope to make learning fun and exciting for students. When I was a student in grade school I had a teacher that didn’t use any special teaching methods or manipulatives and that class was boring for me. One year I had a teacher that used many exciting activities, such as, treasure hunts to make learning fun. I learned a lot from that teacher and was very excited about what I learned. During my observation experience I noticed that the classroom environment helps to enhance student’s learning. From this experience I would like to display projects that I did at that grade level to motivate my students and encourage them with their work. I would also like to hang pictures and have sculptures that would be fun and educational for them at their level. For example, if I would teach fourth through sixth grade, I would use fossils and skeletons for their learning experience with science. I could also use pictures of famous places for learning history like The Eiffel Tower, The Leaning Tower of Pisa, Big Ben, The Taj Mahal, The Great Pyramids, The Sphinx, Stonehenge, etc. I believe that classroom management is as important as classroom environment when it comes toward contributing to children’s learning. From my experience, I feel that if a teacher uses only negative discipline then he/she has a repugnant affect on students, which causes the student not to reach their potential. In my classroom, I plan to use both positive and negative forms of discipline, so that good behavior will be rewarded and students will remember and be motivated toward proper behavior. Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays Educational Goals and Philosophy I have many reasons for choosing education. The first reason would have to be that I love being around children. I like to watch them get excited about new things that they learn and see their eyes light up when something really amazes them. The second reason is that my mother is a teacher. I have seen her in class with her students and how they have so much respect for her. I also have much respect for her because I know teaching isn’t easy and there has not been a day in her teaching career that I haven’t seen her amaze the students or me for that matter. I just hope that one day maybe I can be as good of a teacher as her. My last reason is that I hope to make learning fun and exciting for students. When I was a student in grade school I had a teacher that didn’t use any special teaching methods or manipulatives and that class was boring for me. One year I had a teacher that used many exciting activities, such as, treasure hunts to make learning fun. I learned a lot from that teacher and was very excited about what I learned. During my observation experience I noticed that the classroom environment helps to enhance student’s learning. From this experience I would like to display projects that I did at that grade level to motivate my students and encourage them with their work. I would also like to hang pictures and have sculptures that would be fun and educational for them at their level. For example, if I would teach fourth through sixth grade, I would use fossils and skeletons for their learning experience with science. I could also use pictures of famous places for learning history like The Eiffel Tower, The Leaning Tower of Pisa, Big Ben, The Taj Mahal, The Great Pyramids, The Sphinx, Stonehenge, etc. I believe that classroom management is as important as classroom environment when it comes toward contributing to children’s learning. From my experience, I feel that if a teacher uses only negative discipline then he/she has a repugnant affect on students, which causes the student not to reach their potential. In my classroom, I plan to use both positive and negative forms of discipline, so that good behavior will be rewarded and students will remember and be motivated toward proper behavior.

Global Health Risks And Uk Health And Social Care Essay

The UK is one of the major precursors in states indexed as extremely developed together with the United States. However, despite its aforesaid position as a prima economic state, it is still afflicted with legion wellness menaces coming from domestic or the international community. [ /intro ] One identified increasing menace to wellness, stemming from indigents, is Obesity. Before the morning of the twenty-first century fleshiness was rare, and it was merely during 1997 that WHO recognized the status as an epidemic [ 1 ] . By 2005, around 400 million grownups are corpulent, with adult females more stricken than work forces [ 2 ] . In clip fleshiness may replace old top wellness concerns, such as undernutrition and infection, as a important cause of hapless wellness. [ /internal wellness menace ] Data regarding in the UK has proven to be a cause for dismay. In the last 25 old ages fleshiness increased four 100 per centum: In comparing during the 1980s, merely 6 % and 8 % of male and female, severally, are afflicted with the status. However, by the twelvemonth 2002, twenty two per centum of males and 20 three per centum of females are corpulent [ 3 ] . There are multiple causes to explicate fleshiness, these include increased calorie consumption, sedentary life style, familial sensitivity or psychiatric illess [ 4 ] . But a major determiner of fleshiness is under scientific geographic expedition following the find of leptin. Leptin is a protein produced by adipocytes and act on the hypothalamus to stamp down appetite. Without leptin, or a decreased of degrees, thereof consequences in increased appetency ensuing to fleshiness. Surprisingly adequate fasting and devouring really low-calorie diet lessenings leptin [ 5 ] . As all of us are cognizant, excessively much of a good thing is damaging. This is besides applicable to human weight. Excessive sums of organic structure fat consequences in increasing morbidity associated with cardiovascular disease, endocrinopathies and malignant neoplastic disease – all of which finally lead to fatal result at a younger age [ 6 ] . Like any other state, the UK is under changeless menace from abroad sing wellness – one such cardinal illustration is swine grippe. [ /external wellness menace ] Swine grippe is a mutation of H1N1 or influenza A ( the most deadly type of flu-virus ) , with familial mixture coming from aviary, hogs and worlds [ 7 ] . The flu eruption began in Mexico and easy began to be a pandemic instance shortly thenceforth. It spread around the universe doing about 15,000 deceases worldwide [ 8 ] . Swine grippe reached UK on April, 2009 with the reaching of riders coming from Mexico. It was until May of 2009 that the first clinically confirmed instance of swine grippe was reported. By July the degrees peaked about at a reeling 10,000 instances [ 9 ] . The marks and symptoms of swine grippe are excessively generalized to run into a speedy yet accurate diagnosing. These include febrility, concern, arthralgia, unease, purging, diarrhoea and depression [ 10 ] . Despite its namesake, swine grippe can non be transmitted through ingestion of porc but instead direct human-human contact, more so by respiratory droplets [ 11 ] . In the UK, stairss were taken to prosecute the menace of grippe and of primary importance is through bar: by grippe vaccinums. It was given to medical forces, immunocompromised host and pregnant adult females [ 12 ] . There were initial studies of deficit due to the belief that two shootings were necessary to arouse sufficient protection ; nevertheless, surveies suggest that a individual shooting of flu vaccinum is capable of protecting an single [ 13 ] . [ /end ] Assess the functions played by international administrations and bureaus ( both inter-governmental and non-governmental ) in wellness publicity and disease bar in developing states. The most outstanding of health-oriented international bureau is the WHO or universe wellness organisation. [ /intro ] The WHO was organized station World War II by the United Nations with the primary aim of supplying all the people by the highest possible degree of wellness [ 14 ] . The major undertaking involved is combat and extinguish assorted infective diseases and wellness publicity throughout the universe. One should observe that with the attempts of WHO, a extremely deadly viral agent doing Small Pox was successfully eliminated through conjunct attempts of assorted medical bureaus around the universe. For such a effort, the WHO deserves fear. Now the current monumental undertaking is to extinguish another common viral disease called Polio, which causes lasting palsy station infection. Another targeted disease that causes much societal stigma and has reached ill-famed pandemic position is HIV/AIDS. The WHO strides frontward even if faced with challenges that are beyond the current bound of medical discoveries [ 15 ] . Infectious disease is merely a portion of WHO ‘s undertaking, and wellness publicity makes up the majority of its planetary wellness mission. Health publicity tactics include dietetic instructions, drug turning away and surcease of smoke. The WHO besides conducts surveies about the efficaciousness of vaccinums, particularly of grippe, so that the infection is ceased in its paths [ 16 ] . Some of the plans and undertakings that the WHO is presently set abouting is supplying safe H2O supply, obliteration of malaria and assorted medical/surgical plans ( efficient proviso of surgical attention to trauma victims ) [ 17 ] . With its impressive array of plans to provide assorted health-related issues, the WHO deserves much citation. However, the WHO entirely is non responsible ; one must besides confront the fact that each state is run by authoritiess that are either functioning its people or functioning its involvement. To do a greater impact the WHO and the state in focal point must travel manus in manus to function the several indigents it has sworn to function. [ /end ] Measure the impact of planetary part in the bar of HIV/AIDS Malarias Acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV/AIDS is a pandemic disease characterized by CD4 cells below 200 count and is caused by retroviruses. It was foremost recognized manner back during the 1980 ‘s and current planetary human death already reached 25 million people. In 2007, despite progresss in research refering anti-retroviral drugs, AIDS claimed around 2 million victims including more than 300,000 kids [ 18 ] . It is transmitted through contact with blood merchandises or mucose membranes, such as blood transfusion, sexual contact, perpendicular transmittal and chest eating [ 19 ] . Analyzing the manner of transmittal allow us to integrate preventative steps to collar the farther transmittal of the disease. Health organisations, such as CDC and WHO, promote pattern of safe sex and Needle exchange plans [ 20 ] . Some methods of practising safe sex is via usage of barrier, or more popularly known as rubbers. Condoms do lower the hazard of HIV acquisition but is does non so wholly, in fact rubbers promoted by the WHO have spermatocides that really irritate the vaginal wall of some adult females which may supply suited entry by assorted pathogens into the blood stream [ 21 ] . As for the needle exchange plan, the chief maneuver there is to supply drug users with unfertile acerate leafs for usage. This may sound absurd since wellness organisations are deliberately supplying acerate leafs for drug users, the benefits may outweigh the hazard in that HIV is kept under control [ 20 ] . In most developed states, HIV/AIDS instances have fallen or stalled due to the fact that there is increased consciousness in the general populace. This is attributed to aggressive runs, blood merchandise showing and publicity of safe sexual patterns. Malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasite that is transmitted through direct vaccination through the hosts ‘ tegument. Every twelvemonth there are reported extremums of 500 million instances of malaria with about 1-3 million fatal instances [ 22 ] . Agencies around the universe have formulated preventative steps to minimise or wholly eliminate malaria as an infective disease. However, an estimated sum of $ 3 billion a twelvemonth is needed to command the disease, and the financess are non equally distributed to assorted states hit by the disease. In fact, Africa which is considered to be the most to a great extent hit by malaria in contrast to other developing states, receives the lowest support as opposed to other states. It is non so much so of uneffective drugs, in fact we already have the necessary pharmacological intervention for malaria. The success lies in contributing administration, competent proficient attack, data-driven determination devising, and engagement of the communities [ 23 ] . Suggest International Measures†¦ There is no uncertainty that there is still inequality amongst other states. It causes discord to both sides of the fencing, so to talk. The poorer states are frequently times hit harder by illness and disease, and mortality is frequently high. When mortality is high it is frequently a contemplation of the authoritiess ‘ public presentation to supply equal wellness attention to its people. WHO is the organisation formed by the UN to see to it that all receive benefits from wellness attention, and to make that a pudding stone of international community formed merely so to provide its aims. For the past several old ages the WHO has surely done its mandated fundamental law nevertheless it is non without mistakes and through that it can still be improved. This is non to state that the WHO has done nil, in fact it has done everything it perchance can to work out at hand crisis and has done so with efficiency. However, to be able to go on into a better hereafter we must foremost shut the spread between the wellness services provided for the rich and for the hapless. It should besides form seamless attention associating bar and acute/chronic attention across all constituents of the wellness attention system. Furthermore, it must continually measure and measure itself for an assured and continued high degree of public presentation. The WHO itself has its challenges particularly to the states it handles ; most particularly when there is jailbreak of a extremely morbific disease such as grippe or MDR TB. The job comes when there is tenseness between the WHO and the state involved, most particularly when directives are given to that said state [ 24 ] . With those recommendations said, I believe that the hereafter amongst states lie entirely on its ability to synergize: one state lends to another less fortunate, puting aside capitalist economy and advancing existent attention for the people that need it the most. It is non merely the duty of the WHO, but the whole universe must be at a corporate. We are of the same species and must non be bound by race or faith. [ /end ] [ /rephrase ] Word count: +/- 1,500 [ 1 ] Haslam D ( March 2007 ) . â€Å" Fleshiness: a medical history † .A Obes RevA 8 Suppl 1: 31-6. [ 2 ] World Health Organization. Retrieved April 8th, 2009 [ 3 ] Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Health Committee ( May 2004 ) .A Obesity – Volume 1 – HCP 23-I, Third Report of session 2003-04. Report, together with formal proceedingss [ 4 ] leich S, Cutler D, Murray C, Adams A ( 2008 ) . â€Å" Why is the developed universe obese? † [ 5 ] Chin-Chance C, Polonsky K, Schoeller D ( 2000 ) . â€Å" Twenty-four-hour leptin degrees respond to cumulative short-run energy instability and predict subsequent consumption † .A J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.A 85A ( 8 ) : 2685-91. [ 6 ] Haslam DW, James WP ( 2005 ) . â€Å" Obesity † .A LancetA 366A ( 9492 ) : 1197-209. [ 7 ] ew England Journal of Medicine, A Vladimir Trifonov, Ph.D. , Hossein Khiabanian, Ph.D. , and Raul Rabadan, Ph.D. , July 9, 2009. [ 8 ] ECDC [ 9 ] Health Protection Agency. 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2009-06-12 [ 10 ] National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Diabetes Translation ( 2009-10-14 ) . [ 11 ] H1N1 Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-12-07 [ 12 ] NHS Choices. NHS Knowledge Service ( NHS ) . 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2009-09-28 [ 13 ] â€Å" One Vaccine Shot Seen as Protective for Swine Flu † .A The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-17. [ 14 ] World Health Organization. hypertext transfer protocol: //whqlibdoc.who.int/hist/official_records/constitution.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-18.A – For an easier to read version see â€Å" Constitution of the World Health Organization ( English merely version ) † ( PDF ) . World Health Organization. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/entity/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf. [ 15 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/04/content_5167991.htm [ 16 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2007/np07/en/index.html [ 17 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/surgery/challenges/en/ [ 18 ] UNAIDS [ 19 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/HIV/resources/factsheets/transmission.htm [ 20 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/stds-hiv-safer-sex/safer-sex-4263.htm, hypertext transfer protocol: //drugwarfacts.org/cms/ ? q=node/66 [ 21 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/ [ 22 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm [ 23 ] Barat L ( 2006 ) . â€Å" Four malaria success narratives: how malaria load was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam † .A Am J Trop Med HygA 74 [ 24 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd46/future.pdf

Lufthansa Austrian Airlines Takeover Essay

Taking a brief look on the economic development in Europe up to the year 2008 reveals high GDP growth rates and reminds us about the times of prosperity that we almost all so nostalgically recall. But Austrian Airlines have never seen any boom in revenues, profits and the number of transported passengers. This alone is a reason for big concern as airlines have never been a counter-cyclical business. If the company is unable to sustain itself in the times of prosperity what loss will they carry in the books in the times of economic downswing? Finding a powerful strategic partner seems like inevitable for the Austrian company. In 2008 Austrian Airlines was the 11th biggest airlines in Europe with 10,7 million passengers and 2,5â‚ ¬ billion in revenues. On the other side Lufthansa has 7 times more passengers and makes 10 times more money in revenues. Putting these two categories into relation shows how company? s size creates numerous benefits, particularly financial ones. In 2008 Austrian Airlines had revenue of 233â‚ ¬ per passenger while Lufthansa attained 357â‚ ¬ per passenger. Now it is obvious how size matters and that synergies create great cost-cutting potential and increase profitability. If Lufthansa manages to bring Austrian Airlines to its own level of profitability they would have EBIT of 140â‚ ¬ million if the expenses and passenger number stay on 2008 levels. Not to mention the strategic benefits of this acquisition, and probable Lufthansa? s ability to make use of synergy effects i. e. to cut costs and sell even more flight tickets thanks to wide-spread sales offices all over the world. Acquiring Austrian Airlines proves as lucrative for a Lufthansa if they transform the company and as a good deal for current shareholders who can count on even more losses if Austrian Airlines decide to pursue stand-alone strategy which means that they will eventually lose all the capital they put up . This simple analysis show why did consolidation wave in airlines industry pick up on speed. It really seems that main task for carriers is to get big as fast as they can or to face with a demise of their business. Immediate recapitalization of Austrian Airlines in the amount of 500â‚ ¬ million just supports above statement as even the biggest European airline would be unable to cover such a huge accumulated loss if it weren? t for the help of the Austrian government and the European Union. Lufthansa plans to take advantage of the Austrian Airlines? geographic location and their know-how and expertise in CEE and Middle East. After the fall of communism in Europe Austria has played a crucial role as a gateway to Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Austrian Airlines took its business one step further and established new core market in the Middle East. For an international company like Lufthansa Austrian Airlines represents a cornerstone in the expansion towards Middle Eastern and Asian markets. Austrian Airlines is a first mover in CEE and Middle East and a market leader with 61 destinations in the region whose expertise in the Eastern markets will be of a great use ones Lufthansa decides to go East more aggressively as Austrian Airlines will share their core competence with the group. Cutting overlapping flights and optimization of its joint offer and sales activities will improve Austrian Airlines business activity right away. Further developing of Austrian? s successful hub system at Vienna airport will also bring positive effects in the long run. Since Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines are old partners within the framework of the Star Alliance and they know each other very well integration in the Lufthansa Group should play out without major obstacles. Companies cooperated within the context of a bilateral joint venture for Austrian-German flight traffic as well as in the important foreign markets of Switzerland and Brussels. Even their technical services have been cooperating closely and that is also one of the reasons why Austrian executives have trust in Lufthansa and why did they choose exactly Lufthansa among 12 initial bidders. Companies expect to be able to exploit extensive synergies and assess these to amount to 40â‚ ¬ million in cost savings and additional revenues. Apart from all this, Lufthansa has assured Austrian Airlines that they will be granted extensive autonomy within the group and that they will preserve their Austrian identity which stands for quality and Austrian hospitality. Vienna will remain the hub of all flight operations, so that Austria will continue to feature very good international flight connections. Its central position in the heart of Europe made it easier for Lufthansa to grant them autonomy. No major downsizing of the fleet is planned which would be unthinkable if they wanted to pursue stand-alone strategy. On an organizational level, Austrian Airlines will operate as a profit center within the Lufthansa Group what represents a great incentive to get out of the red once and for all. As a part of Lufthansa Group Austrian Airlines will easier protect its position on the market if the recession hits the economy in 2009 because smaller carriers which are not supported by a strong corporate parent will struggle with insufficient resources and declining passenger numbers. As it will soon become apparent, Austrian Airlines shareholders, especially Republic of Austria, will sign a great deal if transaction proceeds. Keeping independence among the group, operating under its distinguishing identity while improving quality and profitability of its services sounds almost incredible for the company which could declare bankruptcy if it weren? t for its strategic partner. Considering current situation both sides could profit from the transaction. Moreover, the integration in the Lufthansa Group will provide Austrian Airlines with access to new passenger flows and enable them to more effectively build up international brand awareness and be Austrian ambassador all over the world which will strengthen their business model. Lufthansa? s worldwide presence, their size, lobbying power and relationship with gasoline sellers will be of great help to Austrian Airlines. In the light of the bleak economic prospect for 2009 Austrian Airlines can focus on their core business knowing that Lufthansa watches their back. This strategy could work well as Austrian Airlines received numerous awards in 2008 including the so-called â€Å"Oscars† of the industry and a first place ranking as the best airline in Europe according to a survey carried out by â€Å"Capital† magazine. Austrian Airlines have a reliability rate of over 99. % and is among top five most punctual carriers in Europe and could improve Lufthansa? s business model too by sharing their expertise. A fully restructured Austrian Airlines will be forced to become a thriving member of the Lufthansa Group once the company is aware that the Republic of Austria will not back them up if anything goes down the drain. Concerning a history of mutual cooperation between Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines executives in charge need to be particularly careful to avoid accusations of conflicting self-interest as these may arise due to close ties between two companies. Since there were 11 other bidders at the start and Lufthansa was chosen in the end both parties need to be adequately informed about all facts relevant to this transaction so that they can clearly explain why is this transaction undisputedly the best possible solution for both sides. Considering that Lufthansa is taking over a company which made huge losses in the past years and whose balance sheet reveals equity ratio of just 11% (which is appalling even for a bank) strategic rationale needs to be explained clearly and concisely together with all future advantages because otherwise someone could think acquisition is completely irrational. Even after the restructuring aid Austrian Airlines will remain highly indebted and Lufthansa? s executives have to justify their reasoning by outlining benefits. Transaction Overview After signing initial agreements (CA;LOI) which provide a foundation for any further steps, Framework Agreement is often cited in the underlying Voluntary Public Offer. Basic arrangements between parties should be outlined in the letter of intent and then once more stipulated in the Framework Agreement. The underlying Voluntary Public Takeover offer stipulates conditions precedent which are to be fulfilled before closing. From that reason they all represent potential deal-breakers since there is a possibility that some of them will not be fulfilled. According to Framework Agreement an extraordinary shareholders meeting will be called just before the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement so that recapitalization can be authorized, new supervisory board appointed and articles of association amended. In order to mitigate any negative impact of information leakage on the transaction Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines had signed a confidentiality agreement. Both parties are obliged to use confidential information just for the purposes of the ongoing transaction and will not disclose any information to the third parties in order not to bring any company in an unfavorable position. Letter of intent is a second important document signed which outlines Lufthansa? intentions and give an overview of the basic transaction, purchase price, determines break-up fee and division of costs incurred as well as court under which jurisdiction any disputes will be solved. For Lufthansa it is of extreme importance to include an exclusive dealing clause so that Austrian Airlines obliges to negotiate just with Lufthansa and no one else at the time. Since Lufthansa plans to take over a company in an extremely bad shape it would be inappropriate of Austrian Airlines not to bring in all their energy and foc us to close the deal. Letter of intention needs to include details about a stake purchase and subsequent mandatory public offer. The details of the purchase price (maximum 4,49â‚ ¬ per share) should also be included i. e. the price paid for the 41,56 % of shares held by Osterreichische Industrieholding AG which includes the details on the earn-out option (under which conditions will Lufthansa pay an amount of up to 162â‚ ¬ million depending on Austrian Airlines? future economic performance and on the outperformance of the Lufthansa? s share price). It should also stipulate the conditions of the offer given to a minor shareholders so that Lufthansa holds at least 75% of the permanent voting shares (without consideration of the treasury shares) in Austrian Airlines after the end of the initial acceptance period. Lufhansa? s intention to fully take over Austrian Airlines should be clearly pointed out particularly their wish to acquire 90% of all shares so that they can launch a squeeze-out. The important conditions precedent should be included in the Letter of Intent. Approval by the competent antitrust authorities in the European Union and other countries should be right away designated as â€Å"conditio sine qua non†. Approval of the restructuring aid is also deemed as extremely important and it should be stipulated in the Letter of Intent as 500â‚ ¬ million granted by the state of Austria and the European Union are absolutely necessary to compensate for the negative shareholder value of Austrian Airlines and make Lufthansa willing to take them over. Recapitalization will also further dilute the free float shareholders making it easier for Lufthansa to launch a squeeze-out procedure. Letter of intent should also arrange who bears the break-up cost in the case of a regulatory disapproval. This is seen as one of the major risk since Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines partly operate the same lines and consolidation would lead to a further concentration of power. Considering negative financial results of the Austrian Airlines letter of intent should already include frame of the future executive structure while definitive agreement should include exact top-management structure in the Austrian Airlines which will facilitate integration in the Lufthansa group and turn around the profitability. Since Shareholders Agreement of Austrian Airlines syndicate had already dealt with issue it might be a bit cumbersome renegotiating it. Letter of intent should also state that Lufthansa has no intention whatsoever to dismantle Austrian Airlines i. e. that brand, headquarters and route network favoring Austrian national interests will be kept. Lufthansa should try to avoid the matter of employment until the very end (final agreement) so that they are not bound by pre-signed clauses once they negotiate the final contract because restructuring of the Austrian Airlines is necessary by all means. Considering that Lufthansa is the biggest European airline company it the approval of antitrust authorities will not come smoothly. Second condition precedent, approval of 500â‚ ¬ million is not deemed as problematic as this pay-out coincides with Austrian national interests to preserve a national carrier which serves its interest. (Besides it wouldn? t make almost any sense for the European Union to grant the acquisition but rejects the aid. ) Acquiring Austrian Airlines will only increase Lufthansa? s size and market power. Holding such a dominant position could incite abusing it e. g. by charging unfair prices or refusing to innovate. This horizontal agreement will put competition in an unfavorable position but on the other hand Lufthansa can argue that consolidation in the European airline industry is inevitable. However, only consolidation will ensure survival of the European airlines in the long run, fragmented market structure leaves them susceptible to either bankruptcy or takeover by Asian od American airlines who are fortunately by law not allowed to be major shareholders. Since regulation is the real obstacle to consolidation alliances in Europe prevail. Unfavorable circumstance is also the fact that at the time of this pending transaction Lufthansa bought a big chunk of Brussels Air. The regulators will certainly not like that. Like in any deal representations and warranties play an important role as they typically make up the largest part of the share purchase agreement. They have an informational, protective and supportive role in the transaction . Austrian Airline? epresentations and warranties, coupled with the Lufthansa’s due diligence, enable Lufthansa to learn as much as possible about the business prior to signing the definitive acquisition agreement. Second, they are protective. This is crucial for Lufthansa who acquires highly indebted company which value without restructuring aid is negative. The seller’s representations and warranties provide mechanism for the Lufthansa to step back or possibly to renegotiate the terms of ac quisition. The second major feature of merger the agreement is the inclusion of various pre-closing covenants, or promises to do something or not do something during the period between the signing of the acquisition agreement and the closing. Generally, covenants should be absolute and Lufthansa? s goal is that none material changes take place until the closing and that business condition does not aggravate in any respect because if such events took place it would mean that they overpaid. The reasoning behind the indemnification is the same. One should emphasize the importance of reps and warranties relating to financial statements (compliance with accounting standards) , taxes and employees (manager contracts, severance terms and compensations) and no pending litigations which breech would surely threaten the envisaged transaction. The role of all above named provisions is risk minimization and these provision should also act as an incentive for a fair dealing.